Macintosh Prototypes 麦金塔原型机

  1. Eric
  2. 有声读物
  3. Macintosh Prototypes 麦金塔原型机
4.5 Andy Hertzfeld 有声读物

作者： 丹尼尔·科特克 日期： 1981年6月 人物： 丹·科特克、伯勒尔·史密斯、布莱恩·霍华德、福伦、杰瑞·马诺克、乔治·克劳、史蒂夫·乔布斯、温德尔·桑德、科莱特·阿斯克兰 主题： 硬件设计、原型、技术 概括： 关于苹果第一代Macintosh的开发以及制造它的人的轶事: Macintosh 数字板的演变

I joined the Mac team in January 1981. There was one special prototype computer made of wires at that time. My first job was to make more of these prototypes with a person named Brian Howard. We built 4 or 5 more prototypes for the computer programmers to use. We used special printed circuit boards to make them. It took only a few days to build one of these prototypes if we had all the necessary parts. We could easily change them too. In fact, these prototypes were always being improved. The one I kept, number 5, was updated in 1982 with new parts that made it better than the original design.

我于 1981 年 1 月加入 Mac 团队。当时有一台由电线制成的特殊原型计算机。
我的第一份工作是与布莱恩·霍华德 (Brian Howard) 一起制作更多这样的原型。我们又建造了 4 到 5 个原型供计算机程序员使用。
我们使用特殊的印刷电路板来制造它们。如果我们拥有所有必要的部件，只需要几天的时间就可以构建出其中一个原型。
我们也可以轻松地改变它们。事实上，这些原型一直在改进。
我保留的 5 号机于 1982 年进行了更新，添加了新零件，使其比原来的设计更好。

The basic parts of the Mac computer were very simple: fewer than 40 small electronic parts. There were some important parts that helped the computer work:

  • A special machine that controlled the timing of the computer’s actions
  • A part that helped the computer find the right memory locations
  • A part that managed the bus, which is like a road that data travels on
  • Some parts that helped the computer talk to the keyboard, mouse, and other devices
  • A part that helped the computer play sounds This was the basic design of the computer. Some more parts were added later, like:
  • Two special ports for sending data to other devices
  • Ports for connecting an internal and external floppy disk drive
  • A special chip that kept track of time
  • A way for the computer to make sounds The programmable chips used in the Mac were made by a company called MMI. They allowed the engineers to create custom computer parts easily. Even though they used a lot of power, they were cheap and useful, and the engineers used them well.
Mac 电脑的基本部件非常简单：不到 40 个小型电子部件。
有一些重要的部分帮助计算机工作：
* 控制计算机动作时序的特殊机器
* 帮助计算机找到正确内存位置的部分
* 管理总线的部分，就像数据传输的道路
* 一些帮助计算机与键盘、鼠标和其他设备通信的部件
* 帮助电脑播放声音的部分
这就是计算机的基本设计。后来添加了更多部分，例如：
* 两个特殊端口，用于向其他设备发送数据
* 用于连接内部和外部软盘驱动器的端口
* 记录时间的特殊芯片
* 计算机发出声音的一种方式
Mac 中使用的可编程芯片是由一家名为 MMI 的公司制造的。
它们使工程师能够轻松创建定制计算机部件。
尽管它们使用大量电力，但它们便宜且有用，而且工程师们使用得很好。

The bottom of the special circuit boards (protos) was a complicated web of wires. One day, we were surprised to see that one of the protos was very burned. We found out that the night before, someone named Burrell was trying to fix some problems and accidentally mixed up two important connections. In his hurry to fix it, he tried to use a lot of power to force the problem to go away. Unfortunately, this didn’t work and made things worse. That special circuit board was never fixed and couldn’t be used again.

特殊电路板（原型）的底部是复杂的电线网。
有一天，我们惊讶地发现其中一个神族被严重烧伤。
我们发现前一天晚上，一个名叫伯勒尔的人试图解决一些问题，不小心混淆了两个重要的连接。
在急于解决问题的过程中，他试图使用大量的力量来迫使问题消失。不幸的是，这并没有奏效，反而让事情变得更糟。
那块特殊的电路板从未被修复过，也无法再次使用。

In 1981, we hired someone named Colette Askeland from the Apple-II/III team to help design the main circuit board for the Mac computer. The board went through many changes - 8 times in total - between 1981 and 1983. When we look at these old boards now, they seem very old-fashioned. There are no tiny components attached to the surface! Here are the 8 different versions of the board:

1981 年，我们从 Apple-II/III 团队聘请了一位名叫 Colette Askeland 的人来帮助设计 Mac 电脑的主电路板。
1981 年至 1983 年间，董事会经历了多次变动，总共 8 次。
当我们现在看这些旧板时，它们看起来非常老式。
表面没有附着任何微小元件！
以下是该板的 8 个不同版本：

“Our first printed circuit board (PCB) was made in 1981. The part number was MC1001-00. At that time, the board didn’t have a special layer (called silkscreen) with writing on it. Instead, we made big holes around the edges of the board to mount a special metal strip called the ‘fence’. The fence was meant to connect to the ground or the main body of the machine to reduce the radio waves coming from the digital parts. Later, we were able to shorten the fence so it only ran along the back edge of the board.”

“我们的第一块印刷电路板 (PCB) 于 1981 年制造。
零件号为 MC1001-00。那时，板上还没有特殊的层（称为丝网印刷），上面可以写字。
相反，我们在板的边缘打了一些大孔，以安装称为“栅栏”的特殊金属条。
围栏旨在连接到地面或机器主体，以减少来自数字部件的无线电波。
后来，我们能够缩短围栏，使其仅沿着板的后边缘延伸。”

“The first computer built in 1981 has the following components:

  • 32 integrated circuits (not including the main CPU) to control memory, serial ports, and other functions.
  • 3 types of memory chips called Eproms.
  • 2 special chips for handling serial communication.
  • 3 other special chips for managing the computer’s bus, generating addresses, and controlling timing. These chips work together to allow the computer to perform different tasks and communicate with other devices.”
“第一台计算机建于 1981 年，具有以下组件：
* 32个集成电路（不包括主CPU）来控制存储器、串行端口和其他功能。
* 3 种类型的存储芯片，称为 Eproms。
* 2个用于处理串行通信的专用芯片。
* 3个其他专用芯片，用于管理计算机的总线、生成地址、控制时序。
这些芯片协同工作，使计算机能够执行不同的任务并与其他设备进行通信。”

#3 MC1001-02, February 1982, production batch of 50 units. This board has 32 integrated circuits (excluding the CPU and RAM). It includes a special chip called the Z8530 that helps with communication and has a unique clock system. The RAM is arranged in a way that matches the layout of the other chips on the board, but this caused some problems because the increased distance between the chips caused noise in the high-speed RAM signals. The next board will have the RAM arranged more closely together. This board also features a special chip called the STFCLK that helps keep track of time and stores some system settings. The mouse connector has been moved to the back of the board. The Z8530 chip is a new and powerful part that has two serial ports and can handle high-speed communication. It can also check the destination of incoming packets and only interrupt the processor if the packet is addressed to the Mac. This will be important for implementing a networking feature called Appletalk. This board also introduces a new power and video connector that replaces the old 6-pin connector from the Apple-II. This is because we now have an expert on board named George Crow who integrated the power supply and video electronics into a single circuit. Finally, this board still uses the old Apple-II floppy disk controller because we don’t have the new IWM controller ICs yet.

#3 MC1001-02，1982年2月，生产批次50台。
该板有 32 个集成电路（不包括 CPU 和 RAM）。它包括一个名为 Z8530 的特殊芯片，有助于通信并具有独特的时钟系统。 RAM 的排列方式与板上其他芯片的布局相匹配，但这会引起一些问题，因为芯片之间的距离增加会导致高速 RAM 信号中出现噪声。下一块主板将把 RAM 排列得更紧密。
该板还具有一个称为 STFCLK 的特殊芯片，可帮助跟踪时间并存储一些系统设置。鼠标连接器已移至板的背面。
Z8530芯片是一个新的、功能强大的部件，有两个串行端口，可以处理高速通信。它还可以检查传入数据包的目的地，并且仅在数据包寻址到 Mac 时才中断处理器。这对于实现称为 Appletalk 的网络功能非常重要。
该主板还引入了新的电源和视频连接器，取代了 Apple-II 中旧的 6 针连接器。这是因为我们现在有一位名叫 George Crow 的专家，他将电源和视频电子设备集成到单个电路中。
最后，该板仍然使用旧的 Apple-II 软盘控制器，因为我们还没有新的 IWM 控制器 IC。

#4 MC1019-00, Summer 1982 - IBM Board The “IBM” chip was a special computer chip made by IBM. It was designed to have all the important parts of the Mac computer in one chip, making it cheaper and harder to copy. However, there were problems with the chip and it never worked well. The project was cancelled because it was too expensive and risky. This board has a special chip called IWM, which was designed by Wendell Sander to improve the way the Apple-II computer read floppy disks. It was a better design than the original floppy disk controller created by Steve Wozniak.

#4 MC1019-00，1982 年夏季 - IBM 主板
“IBM”芯片是IBM公司制造的一种特殊的计算机芯片。它的设计目的是将 Mac 电脑的所有重要部分集成在一个芯片中，从而使其更便宜且更难以复制。
然而，该芯片存在问题，并且一直无法正常工作。该项目因成本太高且风险太大而被取消。
该主板有一个名为 IWM 的特殊芯片，由 Wendell Sander 设计，用于改进 Apple-II 计算机读取软盘的方式。
这是比史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克创建的原始软盘控制器更好的设计。

#5 MC1023-00 MAC512 board, 1982 The board now has 512 kilobytes of memory (using 16 special chips). This is very close to the final version. The board now has five important chips called PALs: TSM, LAG, BMU0, BMU1, and ASG (which is responsible for sound). It also has a special connector called J8 with four pins. We added this connector so that people can bring out some important video signals in the future and use them to make color or black-and-white videos.

#5 MC1023-00 MAC512 板，1982 年
该板现在拥有 512 KB 内存（使用 16 个特殊芯片）。这非常接近最终版本。
该主板现在有五个重要的芯片，称为 PAL：TSM、LAG、BMU0、BMU1 和 ASG（负责声音）。它还具有一个名为 J8 的特殊连接器，具有四个引脚。我们添加了这个连接器，以便人们将来可以导出一些重要的视频信号，并用它们来制作彩色或黑白视频。

#6 820-0086-00 MAC512, built in 200, May 1983, has a Folon “MacMan” logo. –Now, a 6th part has been added, called the TSG (Timing Signal Generator).

#6 820-0086-00 MAC512，建于 200 年，1983 年 5 月，有 Folon“MacMan”标志。
--现在，添加了第6部分，称为TSG（定时信号发生器）。

#7 820-0086-B: The logo “MacMan” has been removed, and the J8 video connector outside the computer is no longer available.

#7 820-0086-B：“MacMan”徽标已被删除，计算机外部的 J8 视频连接器不再可用。

#8 820-0086-C, 1983 Final Version It’s not clear what changes were made for this last version, but some parts seem to have been moved to make space for a “Macintosh” logo on the back left side.

#8 820-0086-C，1983 年最终版本
目前尚不清楚最后一个版本进行了哪些更改，但某些部分似乎已被移动，以便为左后侧的“Macintosh”徽标腾出空间。

Macintosh Schematics The Macintosh diagrams were made by Dave Root, with help from Jerry Manock, who was in charge of designing the mechanical parts. There was a set of big drawings, folded into sheets, with many wires crossing from one page to another. As the Mac’s electrical design was finished in 1983, I thought we needed a simpler version, just one page that could be hung on the wall to help fix problems with the logic board. I had an idea to create a new kind of diagram that would show the names of every input and output of every chip on the board, but without drawing all the wires. This would be a mix of two types of diagrams: one that shows where each part is on the board, and another that shows what connects to what.

麦金塔原理图
Macintosh 图表是由 Dave Root 在负责设计机械部件的 Jerry Manock 的帮助下制作的。
有一组大图，折叠成纸，许多电线从一页交叉到另一页。
随着 Mac 的电气设计于 1983 年完成，我认为我们需要一个更简单的版本，只需一页可以挂在墙上以帮助解决主板问题。
我有一个想法，创建一种新型图表，显示板上每个芯片的每个输入和输出的名称，但无需绘制所有电线。
这将是两种类型的图表的混合：一种显示每个零件在板上的位置，另一种显示什么与什么连接。

The problem with old diagrams is that we usually want to know where to find a specific signal to check it out. What we really need is a simple way to find the pin number and where it is on the chip. Old diagrams are not very good for this because they show the pins on each chip in a functional or random way, rather than showing the actual pin layout like we see on the chip. I created a new type of diagram that is like a blueprint, where each pin on each part has a name that shows what signal it’s connected to. I also included a list of what each pin connects to, which is helpful if you’re familiar with the design.

旧图表的问题在于我们通常想知道在哪里可以找到特定信号来检查它。
我们真正需要的是一种简单的方法来查找引脚号及其在芯片上的位置。
旧图表对此不太适用，因为它们以功能或随机方式显示每个芯片上的引脚，而不是像我们在芯片上看到的那样显示实际的引脚布局。
我创建了一种类似于蓝图的新型图表，其中每个部件上的每个引脚都有一个名称，显示它所连接的信号。
我还列出了每个引脚连接的内容，如果您熟悉设计，这会很有帮助。

The people at the Mac CAD Department didn’t need this special kind of document, so they asked me to add a note saying it wasn’t finished and was only for helping with technical issues. That was okay with me because I loved using just one piece of paper to help me figure out problems with circuit boards. It was easy and helped me get my work done quickly. In fact, now, circuit diagrams are mostly like that, except sometimes they’re shown on many pages and still don’t help me find small pins on big chips.

Mac CAD 部门的人不需要这种特殊的文档，所以他们让我添加一个注释，说它还没有完成，只是为了帮助解决技术问题。
这对我来说没问题，因为我喜欢只用一张纸来帮助我找出电路板的问题。
这很简单，帮助我快速完成工作。
事实上，现在的电路图大多都是这样，只是有时它们显示在很多页上，但仍然无法帮助我找到大芯片上的小引脚。

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