Desk Ornaments 桌上摆件

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  3. Desk Ornaments 桌上摆件
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作者： 安迪·赫茨菲尔德 日期： 1981年10月 人物： 巴德·特里布尔、克里斯·埃斯皮诺萨、唐·丹曼、拉里·凯尼恩、史蒂夫·卡普斯、比尔·阿特金森、史蒂夫·乔布斯、苏珊·卡雷 主题： 软件设计、用户界面、个性 概要： 关于苹果第一代Macintosh的开发以及制造它的人的轶事: 办公桌配件简史 , 桌上摆件 Desk Ornaments

In the spring of 1981, when we were working on the Macintosh computer system software, Bud and I made a decision about how it would work. We decided that we would only allow one program to run at a time. We didn’t have enough memory or screen space to handle multiple programs, so we thought it would be simpler this way. Plus, the Lisa system was already designed for multi-tasking, so we didn’t want to make it unnecessary to buy a Lisa instead of a Macintosh.

1981 年春天，当我们开发 Macintosh 计算机系统软件时，巴德和我决定了它的工作方式。
我们决定一次只允许运行一个程序。
我们没有足够的内存或屏幕空间来处理多个程序，因此我们认为这种方式会更简单。
另外，Lisa 系统已经设计用于多任务处理，因此我们不想不必要地购买 Lisa 而不是 Macintosh。

Bud Tribble was a calm person, but one afternoon in fall 1981, he came to see me with a big smile on his face. “I’ve been thinking about something,” he said. “Even if we can only run one big program at a time, there’s no reason why we can’t also have some small programs running in their own windows at the same time.”

巴德·特里布尔是个冷静的人，但 1981 年秋天的一个下午，他满脸笑容地来看我。 “我一直在想一件事，”他说。 “即使我们一次只能运行一个大程序，我们也没有理由不能同时在自己的窗口中运行一些小程序。”

I thought that was interesting. “What kind of small tasks? How are they different?”, I wondered.

我觉得这很有趣。 “什么样的小任务？它们有什么不同？”我想知道。

Bud smiled. “You might like small apps that do one thing well and fit with the main program. For example, a small calculator that looks like a real one, or a simple alarm clock or a note-taking tool. Since the whole screen is like a virtual desktop, these small apps are like decorations that make the desktop more useful and fun to use.”

巴德笑了。 “你可能喜欢能做好一件事并与主程序契合的小应用程序。例如，一个看起来像真实计算器的小计算器，或者一个简单的闹钟或记笔记工具。因为整个屏幕就像一个虚拟桌面，这些小应用程序就像装饰品一样，让桌面变得更有用、更有趣。”

“I wonder, what’s the limit?” I asked. “How can we tell the difference between something that’s just for show and something that actually works?”

“我想知道，极限是多少？”我问。 “我们如何区分只是为了展示的东西和真正有效的东西之间的区别？”

“Ornaments need to work within the main application”, Bud said. “But the main application shouldn’t change just because of the ornaments. For example, the main application still owns the menu bar, but maybe the ornaments can have their own menu when they are active. The main application would still keep running as usual, but it would sometimes give the ornaments control if they need it. And, of course, you can copy and paste between them.”

“装饰需要在主应用程序内工作”，巴德说。 “但是主应用程序不应该仅仅因为装饰物而改变。例如，主应用程序仍然拥有菜单栏，但也许装饰物在活动时可以拥有自己的菜单。主应用程序仍将照常运行，但有时如果需要的话，它会给装饰品控制权，当然，你可以在它们之间复制和粘贴。”

I liked the idea, but we had to finish other work first. Bud quit Apple in December 1981 to go back to medical school, but I told new team members about his idea and it became part of our plan. Chris Espinosa liked the idea when we explained it to him, and he helped create a picture of what the calculator could look like. He also learned how to program using QuickDraw and made a special tool for building calculators (see Calculator Construction Set). Later, after we finished the basics of the window, menu, and event systems, we tried to make some desk ornaments by May 1982.

我喜欢这个主意，但我们必须先完成其他工作。
巴德于 1981 年 12 月离开苹果公司，回到医学院，但我向新团队成员讲述了他的想法，这成为了我们计划的一部分。
当我们向克里斯·埃斯皮诺萨（Chris Espinosa）解释这个想法时，他很喜欢这个想法，他帮助绘制了计算器的外观图。他还学习了如何使用 QuickDraw 进行编程，并制作了一个用于构建计算器的特殊工具（请参阅计算器构建集）。后来，当我们完成了窗口、菜单和事件系统的基础知识后，我们在 1982 年 5 月尝试制作一些桌面装饰品。

The Mac operating system was still getting started, and it could already use special codes to manage devices that weren’t built-in. I decided to use this feature to make special “desk ornaments” that could be installed on the screen. These ornaments could get some processing time to do things, and they could also respond to events from other applications. To work together, applications had to give the ornaments some time to do their thing and also pass important information to them. The first desk ornament I made was simple and just counted up on the screen. It showed that it could do background work even when it wasn’t the main window. It wasn’t highly impressive, but it became the example for all the other ornaments.

Mac 操作系统仍处于起步阶段，它已经可以使用特殊代码来管理非内置设备。
我决定利用这个功能制作可以安装在屏幕上的特殊“桌面装饰品”。
这些装饰可以获得一些处理时间来执行操作，并且它们还可以响应来自其他应用程序的事件。
为了协同工作，应用程序必须给装饰物一些时间来完成它们的工作，并向它们传递重要信息。
我制作的第一个桌面装饰品很简单，只需在屏幕上计数即可。
它表明即使它不是主窗口，它也可以执行后台工作。
它并不令人印象深刻，但它成为所有其他装饰品的典范。

In the fall of 1982, I finished the first part of the computer design, so I had more time to work on smaller programs. At the time, these programs were called “desk accessories” instead of “ornaments” because some people thought the word “ornament” was too fancy. I made a simple clock, got a calculator working, and modeled it after a design by Steve Jobs. I also made a desktop pattern editor, which was like a small icon editor. You could use it to create a pattern using 8x8 pixels by clicking on the pixels to turn them on or off. When you made a pattern you liked, you could make it the background of the screen instead of the usual gray color.

1982 年秋天，我完成了计算机设计的第一部分，因此我有更多的时间来处理较小的程序。
当时，这些程序被称为“桌面配件”而不是“装饰品”，因为有些人认为“装饰品”这个词太花哨了。
我制作了一个简单的时钟，让计算器可以工作，并按照史蒂夫·乔布斯的设计对其进行了建模。
我还制作了一个桌面图案编辑器，它就像一个小图标编辑器。
您可以使用它来创建使用 8x8 像素的图案，方法是单击像素以打开或关闭它们。
当您制作了自己喜欢的图案后，可以将其作为屏幕的背景，而不是通常的灰色。

A few months later, other people wanted to make desk accessories too. Someone asked me if they could make one in Pascal, which was tricky because Pascal couldn’t talk directly to the computer’s driver. I figured out that I could write a small part in assembly language to help with the tricky parts, and then write most of the desk accessory in Pascal. To test this idea, I made a puzzle game in Pascal to show that it could be done.

几个月后，其他人也想制作办公桌配件。
有人问我是否可以用 Pascal 制作一个，这很棘手，因为 Pascal 无法直接与计算机的驱动程序对话。
我发现我可以用汇编语言编写一小部分来帮助解决棘手的部分，然后用 Pascal 编写大部分桌面配件。
为了测试这个想法，我用 Pascal 制作了一个益智游戏来证明它是可以做到的。

I had to stop working on some things and the desk accessories didn’t get done. But by the spring of 1983, the computer’s memory was getting stronger, and we knew we needed to focus on the accessories that would come with the new system. So, Jerome gave Donn Denman, who was taking a break from working on a coding language, the task of finishing the accessories. Donn and I worked together to finish the calculator, with Donn taking care of the part that talked to the computer’s math program. Donn also worked on the alarm clock and notepad.

我不得不停止做一些事情，办公桌配件也没有完成。
但到了 1983 年春天，计算机的内存变得越来越强大，我们知道我们需要专注于新系统附带的配件。
因此，Jerome 给正在忙于编码语言工作的 Donn Denman 安排了完成配件的任务。
唐恩和我一起完成了计算器，唐恩负责与计算机数学程序对话的部分。
唐恩还开发了闹钟和记事本。

After we got the cut and paste function working, I thought it would be helpful to have a special tool on my desk that could store common pieces of text and pictures. This way, I could easily copy and paste them into any program. I created a desk accessory called the “Gallery” that let me manage these clippings. It was built on top of a system that made it easy to use. Everyone liked the idea, but they didn’t like the name. I was talking about it with Larry Kenyon when he suggested we call it the “Scrapbook”. That name worked perfectly, so the Scrapbook joined our group of useful desk accessories.

在我们使用剪切和粘贴功能后，我认为在我的桌子上有一个可以存储常见文本和图片的特殊工具会很有帮助。
这样，我可以轻松地将它们复制并粘贴到任何程序中。我创建了一个名为“画廊”的桌面配件，让我可以管理这些剪报。
它建立在一个易于使用的系统之上。每个人都喜欢这个主意，但他们不喜欢这个名字。
当我与拉里·凯尼恩（Larry Kenyon）讨论这个问题时，他建议我们将其称为“剪贴簿”。这个名字很合适，所以剪贴簿加入了我们有用的办公桌配件组。

The system that assigned characters to keys on the Macintosh computer put special but not very useful characters in the easier-to-reach top half of the keyboard. These characters needed the “option” key to work and were hard to remember. Steve Capps thought of an idea for a small program called “Key Caps”. This program showed a picture of the keyboard on the screen, and the keys changed depending on which special keys were pressed. It helped you find the less common characters more easily. Steve Capps made it quickly and it became a very useful part of the Macintosh system.

Macintosh 计算机上为按键分配字符的系统将特殊但不是很有用的字符放在键盘上更容易触及的上半部分。这些字符需要“选项”键才能工作并且很难记住。
史蒂夫·卡普斯想到了一个名为“Key Caps”的小程序的想法。该程序在屏幕上显示了键盘的图片，并且按键根据按下的特殊键而变化。它可以帮助您更轻松地找到不太常见的字符。史蒂夫·卡普斯（Steve Capps）很快就做到了这一点，并成为麦金塔系统中非常有用的一部分。

We needed a way to easily adjust things like sound volume and mouse settings. We thought a desk accessory would be a great idea because it would be easily accessible no matter what program you were using. That’s why I worked on the Control Panel desk accessory before it was finished, in November 1983. My colleague Susan Kare designed a colorful and graphical interface with no words, which I implemented by creating separate parts that didn’t need to be in the computer’s memory all at once. The design had a cute rabbit and turtle to show different speeds and many other fun designs. After the Mac was released, one reviewer called it a toy for babies, which I took as a compliment.

我们需要一种方法来轻松调整音量和鼠标设置等内容。
我们认为桌面配件是个好主意，因为无论您使用什么程序，它都可以轻松使用。
这就是为什么我在 1983 年 11 月控制面板桌面附件完成之前就开始研究它。
我的同事 Susan Kare 设计了一个没有任何文字的彩色图形界面，我通过创建不需要同时全部存储在计算机内存中的单独部分来实现该界面。
该设计有一只可爱的兔子和乌龟来展示不同的速度和许多其他有趣的设计。
Mac 发布后，一位评论家称其为婴儿玩具，我认为这是一种赞美。

The most difficult part of the Control Panel was the tool that allowed users to design their own desktop patterns. I had saved this tool from being a separate program. Users could pick from many pre-designed patterns or make their own. The problem was that it was very easy for people to create patterns that were not very nice or even ugly.

控制面板中最困难的部分是允许用户设计自己的桌面图案的工具。
我已将此工具保存为单独的程序。用户可以从许多预先设计的图案中进行选择或制作自己的图案。
问题是人们很容易创建出不太漂亮甚至丑陋的图案。

Bill Atkinson told me that allowing people to choose their own desktop patterns was a mistake because it was harder to make a good one than it looked, and it often led to ugly desktops. I thought that people should be able to do what they want with their own desktop, as long as they could easily change it back to a default theme. Bill was mainly worried about his program MacPaint, and didn’t want a messy desktop pattern to ruin his work. So, he made MacPaint start up with a large window that took over the whole screen and filled it with a simple gray pattern. This way, people using MacPaint wouldn’t be able to see the messy desktop they had created, at least while they were working on a MacPaint project.

比尔·阿特金森告诉我，允许人们选择自己的桌面模式是一个错误，因为制作一个好的桌面模式比看起来更难，而且常常会导致桌面变得丑陋。
我认为人们应该能够使用自己的桌面做他们想做的事情，只要他们可以轻松地将其更改回默认主题即可。
Bill 主要担心他的 MacPaint 程序，并且不希望杂乱的桌面图案毁掉他的工作。
因此，他让 MacPaint 启动时有一个大窗口占据整个屏幕，并用简单的灰色图案填充它。
这样，使用 MacPaint 的人就无法看到他们创建的杂乱桌面，至少在他们处理 MacPaint 项目时是这样。

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